European Coal and Steel Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

European Coal and Steel Community - Essay Example There was a critical need to fabricate what was demolished and Europe has the decision whether to seek after this as a coordinated area or as individual nations. With respect to the joining, there were two political and monetary models created around then - the long history of country building wherein financial mix follows political unification and the model of Zolverrein where political unification follows financial mix (Lecture, Topic 2: From Post War Reconstruction to the European Coal and Steel Community) One of the consequence of World War II is the European Coal and Steel Community, a moved that fortified both the monetary and political ties of the enduring European nations. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty was marked in Paris in 1951 (Europa.eu). It included the Benelux nations of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands along with West Germany, France and Italy. Its objective was to arrange a free development of coal and free access to wellsprings of creation (Europa.eu). One of the novel part of the coordination was the foundation of a typical High Authority which managed the market including the opposition rules and value straightforwardness. The ECSC Treaty turned into the cause of the establishments as we probably am aware them today (Europa.eu). The ECSC was the principal network association that was made as a consequence of the second World War. The annihilation brought by the war required financial reproduction of the European landmass and attaint enduring harmony. Since coal and steel were the fundamental business of the two nations France and Germany, pooling Franco-German coal and steel creation came to fruition (Europa.eu). In this way the European Coal and Steel Community was shaped. Clearly, the war has made the two nations understood that a ceasefire between them would help build up both their political and monetary wellbeing. In this manner the solid need for a détente prompted the acknowledgment of a the need to present a few components of their sway to a Higher Authority. The basic political target was to reinforce Franco-German solidarity, oust the ghost of war and open the best approach to European joining (Europa.eu). The Creation of the European Coal and Steel Community The possibility of an incorporated coal and steel industry was first toyed by Jean Monnet, the leader of the French Commissariat du Plan for the recreation of the French economy, and the French remote clergyman, Robert Schuman. On May 1950, Monnet and Schuman distributed a revelation requiring another structure to control the resurgent overwhelming businesses in France and Germany (Renner). The possibility that Monnet and Schuman passed on in the assertion required another foundation that have a political life free of the current governments - at any rate for the scope of forces which an entrepreneur state around then practiced over its coal and steel industry (Renner). The thought created by Monnet and Schuman imagined new organizations that should The Schuman Plan was not unapproachable of intensity governmental issues, as spectators at the time noted (Parker 1952). Their proposition was not a traditional universal association which are typically driven by advisory groups of pastors. As indicated by Jean Monnet in his Mmoirs, it was the second-best backhanded arrangement after the endeavor to elevate direct courses meant to dispense with danger of

Catching Fire Essay

Bursting Into flames Suzanne Collins is a commonly commended author of numerous books, including The Hunger Games set of three. Bursting Into flames is only one of these shocking books. Bursting Into flames, composed by Suzanne Collins, has a place in the sci-fi type in light of the headways and creation of various advances. For instance, mockingjays, a typical creature in the story, are the result of female mockingbirds and male jabberjays. These jabberjays were hereditarily designed by the Capitol, a heartless social occasion of authorities that direct the different regions of Panem, and can listen in on changes recalling each word that was articulated. Mockingjays then again can just recall short verbalizations, for example, a melody. Likewise, during the Hunger Games, the Capitol can emerge questions legitimately into the field wherein the tributes battle, for instance the â€Å"beasts† that enter the field in the principal book of the set of three. There have likewise been numerous headways in the field of medication. Most strikingly, there is a cream for nearly anything, regardless of whether it be a severe singeing or a cut injury. This scene of the top of the line set of three is written in first-individual perspective. We are just permitted to know the considerations and sentiments of the fundamental character, Katniss, making us wonder what different characters are thinking and feeling also. This likewise makes us make a more profound association with Katniss. For example, in the primary book of the set of three Katniss has a flashback in the field about the blast in the mines that slaughtered her dad. She remembers this memory frequently and regularly thinks back of the occasions before her dad passed on. By and large, the perspective of the story at last enables the peruser to relate to the fundamental character. The perspective in this story makes it be increasingly relatable. Collins composed the Hunger Games set of three in current state. This makes the peruser take the persona of another character or a journal that Katniss advises everything to. This style is by all accounts simple to peruse, as the plot follows an incredibly ordered occasion base. In spite of her simple to understand style, she utilizes rather noteworthy expression. This styles gives her a serious edge over different essayists of today. This tale is tempting. It investigates every possibility. Before the finish of the novel you realize that pretty much every contention has been explained and settled. The main clash that was not settled is between the Districts and the Capitol. This leaves a significant opening for the third book in the arrangement, Mockingjay. Works Cited Collins, Suzanne. Bursting Into flames. Craving Games Trilogy. New York: Scholastic Press, 2009.

Procurement Goods Services - Business Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Introduction Procurement is the acquisition of goods, works and services. The process covers a whole cycle from the identification of needs through the supply of the product and to the end of the service contact and even the end of the useful life of the asset procured. This chapter explains the background of this research work, the problem discussion and the overview of the structure adopted in this dissertation. Background The speed of technological advancement is so much now that no part of the global world can afford to be left behind especially now that the world has become a global village. Businesses all over the world are hence looking for strategies that will position them and make them have a competitive advantage whatever it takes. Such competitive advantage could be gotten from doing business at a low cost achieving lot of savings or having an effective work system. That is what a good procurement best practice strategy can deliver to any organisation. Many Organizations are now seen trying to focus on making their procurement strategies as efficient and cost effective as possible to ensure they have a competitive edge in their industries. According to source one management services, LLC, (2008) the advent of Best Practice Procurement Processes has suddenly seen a lot of companies realizing substantial cost reductions through: Having a proper understanding of the cost drivers used in determining total cost of ownership. Elimination of all non-value adding process thereby Increasing efficiency across the entire supply chain. Aggregation of demand, supplier rationalization, strategic sourcing, and enhanced supplier relationships resulting in improved cycle time. Electronically enabling the supply chain through the use of paperless e-Procurement tools and e-commerce portals. Reduction of carrying costs, warehousing, movement, obsolescence and shrinkage through the alternative inventory ownership agreements retained consignment and vendor managed inventory. Problem discussion Different strategies are often used in achieving the best procurement processes in various industries. The need for developing countries especially Nigeria industries not to be left behind in utilizing these opportunity has necessitated this research work. For the purpose of this study, I will consider the extent to which procurement practices in Nigeria has adopted the three key strategies discussed in the work namely the lean supply, the e-procurement and the green supply strategies as it relates to environmental friendly policies adopted by various organisations in Nigeria. Kirk Zylstra (2007 p 10), argued that the main objective of all supply chain executives today is he to ensure that future business forecasts, ever changing customer demand, and other variations across the supply chain do not upset their carefully laid cost-reduction plans. Its however been discovered that the main obstacle to this vision is the ability to model budgets, accurately tie real costs to operations, and develop processes that execute these plans daily. This is where the application of lean principles to supply chain operations can help. According to Len Cooper, Senior Vice president of supply chain Halliburton, confirms that Halliburton is focusing mostly on Lean strategies with suppliers, and less so on Six Sigma because, as Cooper explains, Lean focuses on speed and throughput, which is easier for suppliers to apply and is in fact a goal for our suppliers. He went further to states that we would rather have our best suppliers grow with us, especially in these times, rather than go out and find more suppliers in order to gain access to additional capacity. We wanted to share our Creativity Over Capital ideas and experiences and benefits with them. In one of the report done by Andrea Ovans of Harvard Business report on E- procurement at Schlumberger Oilfield Services, (the worlds largest oil service company on is using the Web to revolutionize the way it buys equipment and supplies) on What they accomplished by moving to e-procurement?. The brain behind the strategy, Paris-based Alain-Michel Diamant Berger explains that We replaced a number of different systems some that were paper based, some that were automated with a single desktop system. Thats allowed us to streamline and speed up our entire purchasing operation. He further confirmed that buying supplies and equipment has often been very slow and complicated in the past, with lots and lots of papers and approval processes involved before executing a buy. However employees now act as their own purchasing agents, placing orders directly through their PCs and receiving the goods they need much more quickly. The advantage here is that the e procurement single system adopted by Schlumberger which help to consolidate purchases and gain greater volume discounts from our vendors. According to Derek Parker The ultimate aim is to achieve specific, measurable results that improve competitiveness across the supply chain by applying sustainable development practices. Suppliers are often made to understand that sustainable practices improve the long term financial bottom line and in many cases the greening of supply chain has a positive interaction with a move towards lean manufacturing, and sustainable processes which are ways of eliminating waste. From the aforementioned strategies adopted by Schlumberger, Halliburton and other organisations described as seen above, it is obvious that there is need to adopt a more aggressive strategy as that adopted by these organisations in order to remain competitive and relevant to their respective industry. The purpose of this research therefore is to evaluate the extent to which these all important strategies have been adopted by organisation in Nigeria, noting the implication and the key hindrance inhibiting these strategies. It is also critical to note that while Sustainable Procurement activities are common in many developed countries, the awareness and implementation is still relatively low in most developing countries. While I recognise the important role that procurement policies can play to support of sustainable development, this research is aims to contribute to the adoption of sustainable procurement strategy in developing countries especially Nigeria. Overview of the dissertation structure The whole dissertation is divided into six major chapters. This chapter which serves as the introduction gives the background and overview of the importance of the topic, the purpose of the research and finally the research questions then introduced. The second chapter provides the reader the opportunity to have an insight into the literature review on some the topics related to the research. This leads us to the third chapter giving the details of the methodology adopted in the carrying out the research. It explains the purpose, the approach and the strategy adopted for the research. It also shows the synopsis of how I arrived at the method I finally adopted for the research. Chapter four gives the highlight of the background of the companies used for this case study and all data gathered in the course of the research. These data were analysed in chapter five while a final conclusion and implications was drawn in chapter six based on the findings of the data analysis. 2.0 Literature Review With the global economic melt down across the nations, organisations are expected to seek a way out of this challenge, among others, looking for a way to reduce turn around time and cost through their procurement strategies. Competition therefore in todays global market is not only between different companies but also between supply chains management systems. The evolvement in technological advancement and organizational improvements are important for effective supply chain management; however, the main cause of SCM improvements according to juril et al, (2006) is not the implementation of an information system itself, but rather a change and an integration of business processes. Over the years some changes have taken place in the development of innovative procurement strategies especially in sectors like manufacturing, retail, oil and Gas, construction and even service oriented industry. Jim Scotti, (2007) believes Procurement is now evolving into a far more strategic discipline, driven principally by a greater awareness of the financial implications of executing the function well. There are different procurement strategies adopted by organisations in the market place but using the best procurement practices would guaranty the desired success for any organisation. Based on different literatures written by authors the subject of procurement, some of the commonly adopted procurement best practices include: Creating an efficient system that would save time and money. Creating a pre-qualified and broad supplier base which enables all suppliers to be uniformly and objectively evaluated. Creating a comprehensive bid specification with full details before an invitation for bids is sent to the suppliers in the supplier pool. Creating mutual acceptance of the process whereby every supplier in the pool knows that it can bid low on any supply. Ensuring full transparency of bids through sending bid results to all suppliers that participated in the bid. Monitoring every step of the workflow process to ensure clear communications, attention to every detail and a deliverable end product. Ensuring that work is performed per specifications and on time. Completing the project with accurate invoicing. With the advent of Best Practice Procurement processes, a lot of companies have realized substantial cost reductions through understanding the cost drivers that determine the total cost of the supply chain and completely eliminating all non-value adding process in their supply chain line For the purpose of this report three strategies for achieving Procurement best practices will be considered and these include the adoption of the lean supply, e-procurement and adoption of the green supply strategies. While a lot of research has been done on the lean supply and e-procurement and their benefits if properly implemented, not much seems to be mentioned on the green supply principles and need to implement these strategies to achieve procurement best practices while considering the environmental friendly green supply chain management scheme in various organisations and how companies can benefit from this inevitable procurement procedure. Lean Supply Strategy Lean as described by Nigel (2006) is the process of achieving the flow of products and services to meet customers demand in the right quantity, right time, right place at the lowest price with no waste. The key principle focuses on maximizing customer value by producing goods and services with higher quality, fewer defects eliminating various forms of waste or any non-value adding activities through all possible continuous improvement processes. Womark (1996) described the five principles of lean, which includes: identify the value demanded by customer Identify the steps involved in the whole value stream Generate a flow in the value stream Produce only what is pulled by customer Strive for perfection through continuous improvement The adoption of these key principles in procurement activities in order to ensure that the organisation maximises the value of every good or service purchased explains the reason for lean supply or procurement as it applies to this research. R. Stratton (2003) believes Lean supply enables flow and the elimination of wasteful processes within the supply chain. Its focuses on continuous improvement strategies, through the elimination all non-value creating activities, reducing waste and effectively the cost of procurement. According to Lubben, (1998), lean supply aims at improving efficiency, quality and delivery performance of suppliers. It also focuses on removing all non value adding activities so as to reduce the cost of supply of material. For any procurement strategy to succeed the purchasing manager must be able to connect the strategy with the financial implication or performance. W.D. Presutti Jr. (2003) Benefit of adopting lean procurement Organizations within a lean supply chain are able to leverage their own lean journey more easily, delivering better customer value by responding more efficiently, quickly, and predictably to customer needs. That, in turn, facilitates the operation of the lean supply chain, creating a virtuous cycle that ultimately translates to superior financial performance for these organizations. In the article Halliburton pushes Lean Six Sigma to its supply base (2009), the use of lean six sigma between 2004 and 2008, tripled their output from its manufacturing plants without any meaningful increase in the total capital footprint for those plants. The companys manufacturing cycle times were reduced, increasing their asset utilization out of all their equipment. According to Len Cooper, who is the Senior Vice president of supply chain management in Halliburton states that the lean process alleviated the need for more capital investment to support the type of output growth they experienced with the adoption of lean six sigma. Generally, the adoption of lean supply gives a lot of other benefits which includes achieving a minimal level of defects in supply, frequent deliveries.( Handfield, 1993) He further argued that because there are smaller number of suppliers, this could lead to developing a long term relationship between the buy and supplier which eventually leads reduced products price that would benefit the purchasing organisation. Strategies to adopt a lean supply system Inadequate management of the procurement process adds cost and adversely impacts customer service. In the current competitive environment such inefficiencies can no longer be tolerate. It is therefore necessary for organisations to focus more on their supply chain management system and adapt the concept of strategic lean supply chain management to their internal systems so as to eliminate all non value adding process. Sidney Hill Jr (2008) argued that the lean supply chain system cannot just happen. They emerge from strong working relationships between supply chain partners i.e the purchasing organisations, who are thoroughly committed to continuous improvement processes. Organisations especially the multinational expected to help their train their suppliers to fit into the required standard for supply. This could be organising training for their staff and help setting up some infrastructure that would encourage the lean practice. E-procurement Strategy E-procurement can be seen as a very valuable tool for organisations experiencing difficulties in their supply chain. If properly implemented, e-procurement can be used to connect a link between companies and their business processes with suppliers while managing all interactions between them. It encourages management of correspondence, bids, questions and answers, previous pricing, and multiple emails sent to multiple participants. Defined in different ways by many scholars. Presutti, ( 2002) describes electronic-procurement as the productive use of the internet to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply end of the supply chain. Davila et al. (2002) describes it as any technology designed to facilitate the acquisition of goods over the internet. Most literatures written on e- procurement addressed various issues in their definition. While some such as Brunnelli, (1999), Carabello, 2001 and others limits the definition to acquisition of goods over the internet, Scott and Westbrook (1998); New and Payne, (1995) believes that it should have a broad definition which includes the entire value chain, including materials and supply chain management from the extraction of raw materials to its end of useful life. In most recent times, there has been a change of focus from the strategic view of market to an internal re engineering discovered in supply chain management. This is obvious because e-procurement provides a set of built-in monitoring tools to help control costs, maximum supplier performance and deliver value to the purchasing organisation if adequately maximized. Benefit of e- procurement strategy The use of e-Procurement system help managers make decisions through access to catalogues of many suppliers keeping track of all means of bids while leveraging on knowledge to obtain better pricing. It provides organised, standardized and track able information with the elimination of the use of paper work. Kalakota and Robinson, (2000) explains that the main objective of any companys e-procurement strategy is to better manage the firms operational costs. Basically, the strategy of e-procurement could be seen under two broad umbrella: the effectiveness and the efficiency of use- Davila et al, (2002) and Presutti (2002). Dai and Kauffman, (2000) however argues the benefit in e-procurement in terms of the high returns on investment (ROI) achieved through reduced operating and search cost. A view of benefit of e-procurement adopted by Davila et al, (2002) and Presutti (2002) explains the efficiency and effectiveness of using e-procurement. This includes: a better managed inventory level, cost effectiveness and savings achieved, improved efficiency of the procurement process, reduced maverick spending and better flow of information between buyers and supplier. According to Davila et al (2002), the main reason for the investment on the technology platform used for e-procurement is to achieve cost saving. He confirms that the adoption of e-procurement technologies reported a savings of 42 per cent in purchasing transaction costs. A summary of the various benefits associated with e-procurement as seen in many of the literatures includes but not limited to; Better value for money. Its helps to reduce inventory level and therefore serves as a cost saving measure for the organisation. The managers often know the product, the bid prices and the supplier to contact whenever the product is needed. Completely reduces transaction cost such as requisition, ordering administration and storage cost. E-procurement solution helps firms to interact with a wider supplier base and gives firms the opportunity to reach the unknown but qualified source of suppliers. It also provides the spirit of fair play. There is reduced duplication leading to a more efficient purchasing. It increases the ability to track strategic information and data on procurement including purchasing patterns. E-Procurement systems also allow multiple access levels and permissions help managers organize administrative users by roles, groups, or tasks. Procurement managers do not need to be as highly trained or paid because such systems are standardized and easy to learn. The system also links together the companys procurement unit/department around the world and allows them share information about their best suppliers According to (Presutti, 2002) , the e-procurement system enables firms to more efficiently and accurately capture and aggregate budget spending in various purchasing product area, allowing the firms to bring what may be significant buying power leverage to market. The online real time of e-procurement technology no doubt provides buyers and sellers with the opportunity to share information in building specification of products which add value to resulting product and build strong relation. The larger the base of participating suppliers, considering the benefits to both sides, the greater will be the business value of e-procurement solution. (Presutti, 2002) In conclusion, every organisations goal is to achieve a good return on investment. According to OSD (2001), e-procurement enables the reduction in cost of goods procured and procurement processing time and cost have direct impact on return on investment (ROI). E-procurement risk management As seen from the numerous literatures on e-procurement, the research on the adoption of e-procurement has been made tremendous impact in many organisation, unfortunately not much as done on the risk management of e- procurement, especially within the industries considered in Nigeria. Douglas Hubbard ( 2009) describes Risk management as the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risk followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events. Risk management is the finding out the possibility of a wrong happening, how it can be avoided, fixed or reduced to the barest minimum whenever it occurs Davila et al (2002), agrees that new e-procurement technologies has become an vital part of supply chain management activities and that the rate of adoption will accelerate as aggressive users share their experiences and perceptions of low risk. He went further to argue that the actual benefits and risks of e-procurement technologies and mangers evolving perceptions about the benefits and risks will determine the speed at which the technology moves from its developmental infancy to the adoption and the maturity stages. E-procurement is no doubt growing in most industry and this is due to the competitiveness in most industry and the ever changing nature of the demands of the customers. Some of the risk identified in different literature includes: External business risk: This happen when theres no effective communication between the organisations e procurement system and the customers and suppliers. External parties such as suppliers need to be able to develop internal systems that facilitate the communication through electronic means (an issue that demands technology investments as well as incentives) connected to the e- procurement system. To achieve a successful e-procurement technology, suppliers must have an electronic access via the Internet and should provide sufficient catalogue choices to satisfy the requirements of their customers-purchasers. Although most suppliers, especially in low margin industries, may be undecided or even unable to meet such demands without guarantees of future revenue streams. And also since some of the business models associated with e-procurement technologies (e.g. auctions, consortia, and exchanges) may be thinking of using suppliers with whom the buyer has not previously transacted business, companies need to develop mechanisms that provide the buyer with assurances that the supplier meets or exceeds recognizable and industry enforced standards relating to supplier quality, service, and delivery capabilities. Reputation risk: This type of risk occurs when theres a breach of data that can damage an organisations reputation. Reputation risk occurs for example, when there is duplication in the information on the system which jeopardizes the reliability of the information Implementing e-procurement strategy requires not only having a successful purchasing process in place but also the ability to integrate all existing infrastructures. Okah et al (2007) Technology risk: As the growth of e-procurement advances, most organisation fears the lack of a widely accepted standard and a clear understanding of which e-procurement technologies best suit the needs of each company. This lack of generally acceptable standard serves as a hindrance to the use of commonly integrated software across all e-procurement activities. This suggest that an acceptable and open standard would be required to fully integrate all facilitates among the various organization using the e-procurement technologies. Without widely accepted standards for coding, technical, and process specifications, the adoption of e-procurement technology will be slow and will fail to the desired benefits. Process risk: Frew (2005, p 397) explains that process risk are risk associated with the security and control of the e-procurement process itself. There is need to provide evidence to non users that this technology will not breach control or security or any privacy issue. Organizations must be confident, for example, that unauthorized actions will not disrupt production or other supply chain activities when committing to e-procurement technologies Internal Business risk: According to Davila, et al, (2002) certain risk that are linked with the adoption of e-procurement need to be addressed before these technologies are widely accepted. Although, e-procurement in itself reduces the risk of human factor, maybe due to loss of certain document or misappropriation of data, but there is still a human interface which can also result to a form of risk or error. Okah (2008) describes it as human error risks. In conclusions risk are sometimes unavoidable but adequate measure should be in place to mitigate any kind of such risk whenever it arises and that is the purpose of risk management as it applies to procurement. Davila et al, (2002) also described some risk associated with the integration of technologies with existing information systems, with the business models that these technologies impose on supplier-customer relations and with the security and control mechanisms required to insure their appropriate use. Avery, (2002) however believes that e-procurement are essentially global, many of its limitations come from the geographic, cultural and organizational limitation of the underlying businesses in which they are adopted. Green Sustainable Procurement Strategy There has been increased awareness in our environment as its affects global warming, production of non recyclable packages and some toxic substances. A lot of Organisations have been seen applying the green principle to their organisation activities including the supply chain activities. A Green Sustainable Supply Chain can be defined as the process of using environmentally friendly inputs and transforming these inputs through change agents whose by-products can improve or be recycled within the existing environment. This process develops outputs that can be reclaimed and re-used at the end of their life-cycle thus, creating a sustainable supply chain.- Patrick P (2007) According to Seuring, (2004), Green supply chain management, could be referred to as environmental supply chain management or sustainable supply chain management. This includes green purchasing, green manufacturing/materials management, green distribution/marketing and reverse logistics (Sarkis, 2005) The environmental sustainability according to Madu, et al., (2002) has gradually become part of the overall corporation culture and, in turn, has helped to restructure the strategies of corporations With this increasing awareness in environmental sustainability, companies are beginning to streamline their operations and look for means of reducing their excess inventory, determine the optimal right-shoring plan, and reduce fuel expenses and logistics costs while reducing overall carbon emissions. Purchasers are therefore faced with enormous task of focusing on the design and packages of the products supplied by their suppliers The act of purchasing activities that include the reduction, reuse and recycling of materials is therefore paramount to organisation competitive existence in the marketplace- Carter, et al. (1998) Procurement officers are now trained to go for product with less non recyclable bye products or packages. Study has shown that the cost of most goods are in the packaging, thus if the packaging can be reduced, perhaps made to be recycled, the cost of the product will eventually be low. According to Faith-Ell, et al., (2006) the environmental performance of products and services can improve if purchaser express environmental preferences through the so called green procurement Walton, et al., (1998); Zhu and Cote, (2004) confirms that organisations that adopt the green supply chain management system may generate environmental and business performances. Following various legislation by different Government, consumers are beginning to have preference for product or services produced by environmental friendly organisations. Purba, (2002) also confirm that the practise of a green supply chain, can result in an improved environmental performance through the reduction in waste and emissions as well as better environmental commitment while improving competitiveness (better product quality, increase in efficiency, enhancing productivity and cutting cost), resulting to a better economic performance (new marketing opportunities and increasing product price, profit margin, market share and sale volume). This was supported by Derek Parker who confirms that the ultimate aim of green supply is to achieve specific,measurable results that improve competitiveness across the supply chain by applying sustainable development practices. It is therefore clear based on all the stipulations from the various authors like Walton, et al. (1998), Zhu and Cote (2004) and Purba (2002), as well as other procurement experts, that organizational performance is considered to include environmental and financial performance. The pressure is therefore on all organisations to improve their environmental performances which is a result of the worlds globalization rather than localization (Sarkis and Tamarkin, 2005). Benefits of green supply The benefits of Green supply goes beyond the reduction in waste and emission to the environment but it also benefits the organisation in terms of cost savings. Stevels, (2002) categorised the benefits of green supply into three folds: the financial implication, the company reputation and the societal perception. The financial implication: The green supply chain management practice helps in lowering cost prices for supplier and in turn results to a lower cost for their customers Lower cost of ownership for customer. Better competitive advantage Result to more customers In terms of reputation: Less rejects for supplier Better compliance for societal values. Confirms technological and environment awareness in terms of societal perception: Green supply chain management helps motivation of stakeholder for environment better image for supplier and producer feel good and quality of life for customer Make industry on the right track for society. Green supply chain management helps in lowering the environmental load for environment Duber-Smith, (2005), also highlighted ten reasons why organisations should adopt the green supply strategy: target marketing, sustainability of resources, lowered costs/increased efficiency, product differentiation and competitive advantage, competitive and supply chain pressures, adapting to regulation and reducing risk, brand reputation, return on investment, employee morale, and the ethical imperative. Supplier Evaluation/Selection The responsibilities of buyers or purchasing Managers has changes significantly especially in this competitive environment from purchasing products and service to meet customers needs. It has become necessary for purchasers to provide quality products, delivered just in time by working with adequate numbers of suppliers. Suppliers therefore play a key part in achieving any goal set by a purchasing organisation. Ansari and Modarress, (1988) argued that having a small number of supplier base helps in developing a long-term relationship with the supplier, producing a consistent product quality , special attention, saving of resources, lower cost. According to Lubben, (1988), a limited number of supplier base results to improved efficiency, better service and lower cost of the product over a longer period of time. At this point we can see that supplier evaluation and selection is very critical to the success of any organisation. Ansari (1986) determined the selection criteria both human and operational factors for the successful implementation of lean purchasing. It is worth noting at this point that even though an organisation may have a list of supplier base, these suppliers may not be the ones to provide the required service or products. They could have other specialised suppliers which could be regarded as sub-contractors to the main purchasing organisation. The organisation could have different tiers of supplier where their main supplier base serves as tier one and others sub-suppliers are regarded as tier two and it subsequently goes like that. This is however beyond the scope of this research. 2.5 Summary In todays global market, the main focus of competition is not only between the different companies but also between the procurement and supply chain management system. As most organisations strive to satisfy their various customers, the effective management of these systems now stands very crucial to the successes of all organisations. (Jurij J,et al 2006) Williamson E, et al (2004) argued that It is therefore not sufficient to have an efficient system in place but a synchronize operations of all partner, both buyers and suppliers; with a proper integration system is required. There are lots of techniques and technological solutions that have been developed in recent times, but only a few of companies use them strategically in their supply chain to achieve the competitive advantage. Cox A, (2001). Some of these techniques and technological solution such as the lean concept, the electronic procurement system and the green supply strategies have not been fully utilised to achieve the desired advantage in the marketplace. In conclusion, it is seen that purchasing organisation apart from having adequate supplier base to meet their need, these suppliers are also expected to fulfil some conditions and meet their required standard before being selected. The characteristics of lean buyer-supplier relationship, such as having a fewer number of supplier base is the more reason why these supplier should be made to adopt the organisational strategies of eliminating waste through lean supply, achieving effectiveness in supply by the use of e- procurement system and the full adoption of the Green supply strategies as it affect their principles and policies on being environmental friendly in the supply processes. 3.0 Methodology In this chapter, I will carefully go through the procedures adopted in this research. The used will be described and a detailed explanation of the validity and reliability of the criteria used for this used. The data collection for this dissertation was basically through interviews of Senior Buyers or Purchasing Managers of selected Nigeria companies especially in the striving industries; Oil and Gas, Telecommunication and Finance sector. According to Khan and Cannel (1957) an interview is a discussion between two or more people to achieve a purpose. Furthermore a research interview on the other hand is a purpose driven discussion where the interviewee is evaluated through questioning in line with the research questions and objectives. 3.1 Research Purpose The primary purpose of this research is evaluate the procurement best practises adopted by Nigeria companies as it affect the use of lean supply strategy, e-procurement and how environmental friendly their procurement policies through the adoption of the green supply chain management system. The research purpose and question could be said to be descriptive research. The objective of such a descriptive research is to provide a proper description of various phenomenons connected to individuals, situations, systems or events that occur. The purpose might be to develop a broad overview of the situation which when proper explained leads to theory development. (Reynolds,1971). The companies selected are the top companies in Nigeria three key industry: Oil and Gas, Telecommunication and Financial sector. The reason is that these top companies would definitely be involved in lot of procurement activities and their practices I believe would represent the general procurement practise in Nigeria as a whole. These companies include Shell Nigeria, Shell UK, Schlumberger Nigeria, Total Elf, MTN, Zain, United Bank for African Plc, First City Monument Bank Plc, Ericsson, Purchasing and supply institute Nigeria. The contacts who responded to the request of this research by participating in the interview are the telecommunication giant in African, MTN, Ericsson Nigeria, Schlumberger, the biggest oil and Gas servicing companies in the world and I have used FCMB, a typical commercial Bank in Nigeria. Also along side these companies I have interviewed some procurement experts here in the UK so as to have a clue to the procurement practice in the Uk and also the benefit. This would enable me draw a parallel lesson in terms of the need and implication of non usage of these all important procurement strategies. A semi structured interview was conducted for all organisation involved in the research through an initial email contact with the respective procurement Managers requesting for an interview with the Manager or the procurement team. 3.2 Research Approach There are different ways of conducting a research but broadly speaking this can be categorised into two. It could deductive/ inductive or qualitative/quantitative. According to Yin (2003) quantitative approach involves a selectivity research and distance to the object of research, whereas a qualitative approach is characterized by proximity to the object of research. The result of the quantitative approach is based on numbers and statistics whereas the qualitative approach the focuses on describing an event with the use of words. Although a multi-method approach would have been good for this research but for the limitation of time, I have adopted a deductive approach in order to draw a reference with some other strategies. The qualitative/quantitative are method of treating and analysing the data collected. Both approaches have their strengths and weaknesses but according to Yin, (2003), the method to be adopted for any research depends on the research purpose and the accompanying research questions. For the purpose of this research a qualitative method has been adopted in order to have complete and detailed information on first hand basis directly from the people concerned. 3.3 Research Strategy A research strategy can be defined as a set of actions that gives direction to achieving a research goal or objectives. It helps to save time while enabling a systematic conduct of research. According to Yin (2003), there are primarily five different types of research strategies in the social sciences. This includes; experiments, surveys, archival analysis, histories, and case studies. He further argued that each strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages depending on three conditions: The type of research question posed. The extent of control an investigator has over actual behavioural events. The degree of focus on contemporary, as opposed to historical, events. From the above, I have adopted a multi-method approach in my research strategy namely archival analysis, survey and case study approach. 3.3.1 Archival Analysis This strategy involves the use of literatures on procurement practices around the world and how it relates to this research 3.3.2 Case study According to Saunders et al (2003 p 473 cited by Okah 2008) a case study is an empirical research that investigates a current phenomenon within its real-life context, when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident and in which multiple sources of evidence are used. A case study could also be a single or multiple-case study. Yin (2003), confirms that a single case study normally makes an in depth investigation as it affect only one entity, such as an organization or a decision. However, a multiple-case study, involves two or more entities which gives the researcher the opportunity to draw comparisons. The only risk with the multiple-case study however is there might not be enough depth in the investigation conducted (Yin, 2003).The advantage on the other hand is confidence of the findings when a multiple-case studies is used. (Miles and Huberman, 1994). I have adopted a multiple-case study for this research so as to afford me the opportunity to make comparison and reach a general consensus since it affects the country as a whole. 3.3.3 Surveys The survey method used in this study research was basically done through the use of interviews. The interview was chosen as the main primary data collection method because helps to focus more on the topic of the case study. Although I recognise the risk of biased responses from the respondent but that was taken care of in the manner with which the research question was structured. While telephone interview were conducted in some cases especially for geographical reasons, (since this report was written in the UK) a face to face interview was conducted for some. I used a voice recorder in a few instances as not all respondents agreed to have their responses recorded. This actually helped me listen to the recorded responses repeatedly in order not to leave any fact out. In-depth interview This basically is like a general interview to understand the present practise in the various industries under research. This method was used for two reasons: first to get a suitable respondent and to also get respondent to give a detailed overview of the procurement strategies adopted by the company so I can know the present stance of the company. Semi Structured interview questions A semi structured interview questions that outlined all the main aspect of this report was composed and sent to all respondent before the actual interview was conducted. This is to give them enough time to prepare and also understand the purpose of the interview. It is worth mentioning here that the respondents for this particular interview were mainly procurement/purchasing Managers due to the level of interest in topic at hand. The research was developed from the various literatures that describe the best practices in procurement processes as it affects various industries. Although the questions were tailored more towards the need to adopt the lean supply, e-procurement and the green supply chain management strategies. Open ended questions were used so as to get the respondent to give a form of narrative response rather a yes or No answers. This helped extract a lot of facts from the various respondents as I was able to get insights to some questions that was never asked. References HBRs Andrea Ovans (2000), E procurement at Schlumberger, HARVARD BUSINESS review may-June 2000 Derek Parker (Nov 2008), Holdens drive for green, lean supply chains, MANUFACTURERS- MONTHLY Purchasing (March 2009, p 19), Halliburton pushes Lean Six Sigma to its supply base, www.purchasing.com I www. purchasingdata, com 2008 Source One Management Services, LLC Applying Best Practices in Procurement,whyabe.com Avery, S, (2002), E-procurement helps set strategy that cuts costs,Purchasing 131, 25 March 7, 2002. Brunnelli, M A, (1999), Consultants see big future on e-commerce. Purchasing Oct (1999), pp-83-85. Carabello, L, (2001), E-procurement can reduce expenses,Healthcare financial management 82-83. New and Payne, (1995), Research frameworks in logistics: three models, seven dinners and a survey.International journal of physical distribution and logistics management, p p 60-77. J. Jaklic, P. Trkman, A.Groznik, M. Indihar Stemberger, (2006), Enhancing lean supply chain maturity with business process management, Journal of information and organizational sciences, Volume 30, Number 2 Jim Scotti, (2007), Creating competitive advantage with strategic procurement, supply chain management.- (Fluor Corp) Nigel Slack, Stuart Chambers, Robert Johnson, Alan Betts (2006), operations and process management. FT Prentice Hall Womark J P and Jones D.T (1996), lean thinking. New York: simon and Schuster. Lubben, R. T (1988), Just in Time Manufacturing, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY Presutti. Jr .W.D, (2002). Supply management and e-procurement: creating value added in the supply chain. pp. 219-226. Davila, A., Gupta, M., and Palmer, R.J (2002),Moving procurement systems to the internet: the adoption and use of E-procurement technologies models, Stanford GSB Research Paper No. 1742. https://ssrn.com/abstract=323923 Dai,Q.and Kauffman, R. J, (2000). Business models for Internet-based E-Procurement systems and B2B electronic markets: An exploratory assessment. Proceedings of the 34thHawaii International Conference on Systems Science, Maui, Hawaii Kalakota, R., Robinson, M (2000),e-business 2.0: roadmap for success, pp 6,307. Scott and Westbrook, (1998),New strategic tools for supplier relationships: the role of electronic commerce. International journal of physical distribution and logistics management, p p 23-33. Douglas Hubbard (2009) The Failure of Risk Management: Why Its Broken and How to Fix Itpg. 46, John Wiley Sons, Okah J, Nwankwo S and Shoniregun C (2007) A pragmatic implementation of e procurement systems risk assessment,in the proceedings of international conference for internet Technology and secured Transactions (ICITST-2007), London,UK Okah J (2008) Strategies of e-procurement Risk Management in the Oil and Gas Industry, in the proceedings of international conference for the internet Technology and secured Transactions. Frew, A. (2005) information and communication Technologies in Tourism Springer Computer Science. ISBN 3211241485. Stevels, A. (2002). Green Supply Chain Management Much More Than Questionnaires and ISO 14.001. IEEE, 96-100. Duber-Smith, D. C. (2005, August). The Green Imperative. Soap, Perfumery, and Cosmetics, 78 (8), pp. 24-26. Walton, S. V. (1998). The Green Supply Chain: Integrating Suppliers into Environmental Management Processes. International Journal of Purchasing and Materials, 34 (2), 2-11. Zhu, Q., Cote, R. P. (2004).Integrating Green Supply Chain into An Embryonic Eco-Industril Development: A Case Study of the Guitang Group. Journal of Cleaner Production, 12 (8-10), 1025-1035. Derek Parker, (2008 p 16), Holdens drive for green, lean supply chains, MANUFACTURERS MONTHLY www.manmonttily.coin.au R. Strattona,*, R.D.H. Warburtonb (2003) , The strategic integration of agile and lean supply, Int. J. Production Economics 85 183198 Patrick Penfield, (2007), Sustainability Can Be A Competitive Advantage Whitman School of Management Syracuse University M. K. Chien; L. H. Shih (2007) An empirical study of the implementation of green supply chain management practices in the electrical and electronic industry and their relation to organizational performances International Journal of Enviornmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 383-39 Yasutaka Kainumaa,_, Nobuhiko Tawara (2005) A multiple attribute utility theory approach to lean and green supply chain managementintl journal of production economics, Sources; Forrsster Research, JDA Software ( 2008), Going Lean and Green: The next focus of suppLy chain managemen,Manufacturing Business technology,www.MBTmag.com S. Khiewnavawongsa, E. K. Schmidt , Green power to the supply chain, Purdue University Madu, C.N.; Kuei, C.; Madu, I.E., (2002), A hierarchic metric approach for integration of green issues in manufacturing: a paper recycling application, J. Environ. Manage, 64, 261-272. Sarkis, J., (2005). Performance measurement for green supply chain management, Benchmarking: An. Int. J., 12(4), 330-353. Seuring , S., (2004). Integrated chain management and supply chain management comparative analysis and illustrative cases. J. Clean. Prod., 12, 1059-1071 Purba, R., (2002). Greening the supply chain: A new initiative in South East Asia, Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manage., 22(6), 632-655. Sarkis, J.; Tamarkin, M., (2005). Real options analysis for green trading: the case of greenhouse gases,Eng. Econ., 50, 273-294. Carter C.R.; Ellram L.M., (1998). Reverse Logistics: A Review of the Literature and Framework for Future Investigation, J. Bus. Logist., 19(1), 85-102. M. K. Chien; L. H. Shih, (2007), An empirical study of the implementation of green supply chain management practices in the electrical and electronic industry and their relation to organizational performances, International Journal of Enviornmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 383-394 Kirk Zylstra, (2007 p 10) Lean:The Antidote to Cost and Variation, supply chain management review Sidney Hill, Jr.,(2008) Forging a Lean supply chain, Manufacturing Business Technology Cox, A; L Chicksand and P Ireland. (2001) The E Business Report, Earlsgate press, Boston MA Williamson, E., A D.K Harrison, and M. Jordan, (2004, p 375-385), Information systems Development within supply chain management, International Journal of information Management Handfield, R.B. (1993), A resource dependence perspective of just-in-time purchasing, Journal of Operations Management, No. 11, pp. 289-311. Ansari, A. (1986), Survey identifies critical factors in successful implementation of just-in-time purchasing techniques,Industrial Engineering, October, pp. 44-50. Ansari, A. and Modarress, B. (1988), JIT purchasing as a quality and productivity center,International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 19-26. Semra Birgun Barla (2003), A case study of supplier selection for lean supply by using a mathematical modelJournal of logistics information management Vol 16 No 6, pp 451-459.

Lady Macbeth, Macbeths One-of-a-Kind Woman Essay

Macbeths One-of-a-Kind Woman Shakespeares Macbeth portrays the indomitable, manipulative character of Lady Macbeth through bold, sinister actions. Her character will be the subject of this essay. Lily B. Campbell in her volume of criticism, Shakespeares Tragic Heroes: Slaves of Passion, examines the effect of sin on the life of the first lady: Act v presents swiftly and relentlessly the results of passion, of the passion which has become mortal sin. First it is Lady Macbeth that we see enduring the fate of the sinful in whom fear and remorse have already begun to effect the punishment for evil. That Shakespeare chose to manifest Lady Macbeths melancholy as a disturbance in her sleep shows that he†¦show more content†¦The passions are directed to their true end. Lady Macbeth is merely detested; and though the courage of Macbeth preserves some esteem, yet every reader rejoices at his fall. (133) L.C. Knights in the essay Macbeth describes the unnaturalness of Lady Macbeths words and actions: Thus the sense of the unnaturalness of evil is evoked not only be repeated explicit references (natures mischief, nature seems dead, Tis unnatural, even like the deed thats done, and so on) but by the expression of unnatural sentiments and an unnatural violence of tone in such things as Lady Macbeths invocation of the spirits who will unsex her, and her affirmation that she would murder the babe at her breast if she had sworn to do it. (95) In Macbeth as the Imitation of an Action Francis Fergusson specifies the fears within Lady Macbeth: I do not need to remind you of the great scenes preceding the murder, in which Macbeth and his Lady pull themselves together for their desperate effort. 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The Highest Amount Of Gun Control Laws - 1362 Words

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Strategic Management of MYOB-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Straetgic Management of MYOB. Answer: Introduction The topic presents a literature review to demonstrate the various concepts of a strategic information system to respond to the corporate business initiatives. The strategic objectives are aligned with the information and data and ensure that the company gains a competitive advantage in business with ease and effectiveness. The products and services of the company are offered at lower prices by proper management of strategic information system within MYOB, which has been considered as the case study on this topic. The SIM also allows the organisation to focus n differentiation of products and target various market segments. The Strategic information management or SIM is an effective aspect of the information technology system that allows for categorising, storing, processing and managing transfer and exchange of data and information with ease and effectiveness (Abdelhak, Grostick and Hanken 2014). The SIM also allows for utilisation of analytical tools to the information repositories for identifying growth scopes and opportunities and enhance the efficiency of business operations and processes. Literature review Current organisational structure The business organisation chosen here as the case study is Myob or Mind Your Own Business, which is an Australian multinational company that delivers tax, accounting and other services to the small and medium sized organisations by using the accounting software packages. There are different types of organisational structure, but here the functional structure has been considered as effective for the organisation. The functional structure has helped the accounting company to manage activities like coordination, supervision and allocation of tasks in an effective manner. This structure also allows for grouping the people altogether and organises the human resources according to their functional abilities (Abhayawansa and Guthrie 2014). Though the drawbacks of this kind of organisational structure include lack of flexible communication, still the operational efficiency can be achieved by making the employees become specialists within the own area of expertise. The Functional structure ha s helped in making the organisation grouped according to the purpose, ensure that the efficiency of all the departments of accounting is brought with the help of talent and knowledge of its workers, and by supporting own self. Various departments of the organization use the accounting software, and it can help in managing the business operations and processes effectively (Arvidsson, Holmstrm and Lyytinen 2014). Operational issues Few of the operational issues that can be faced by business organisations like Myob include lack of communication, which can result in inaccurate sharing and exchange of information. This reduces coordination between the business functions. The responsibility for gaining profit is present at the top-level only, and due to this, there is a slow adaptation to changes in the business environment. Prior to making decisions, the files consisting of information pass through various phases and very little value is added. Due to the involvement of multiple specialists, it becomes difficult to blame a particular accounting service or operational malfunctioning (Boonstra 2013). The poor communication is another operational issue that reduces flexibility and innovation. When every worker of the organisation manages business operations and functions together, only a certain number of individuals can focus on the strategic direction, which further creates problems while making business decisions. The IT system might want to implement a new computer system whereas the overall objectives of the company are to manage investments in the new services delivered. These are the different operational issues that may be faced by the organization (Bradshaw, Pulakanam and Cragg 2015). Most effective system acquisition method Among the other methods such as commercial and custom software, the Enterprise resource planningor ERP has been considered as the most effective for the management of major business operations and processes in real time environment and managed by software and technology. The ERP has been beneficial for shaping the future by looking at the entire operations at various levels and manage reporting and transfer of information and data 24*7, thereby creating enough opportunities for Myob to plan for future approaches to success. The bottom line is increased and creates better scopes and opportunities with the help of ERP software (Cragg, Mills and Suraweera 2013). The ERP software used is MYOB Exo that provides flexibility in creating a while business management solution and maintain easy accounting and GL functions with ease. This software helps in providing support at multiple locations in Australia and all around the world, enables an integrated Customer relationship management or CRM strategy, manage proper project cost functionality, payroll, time and resources along with extensive landed cost and tracking of shipments by ensuring proper flow of processes and checklists (Haux et al. 2013). The MYOB Exo is effective because it provides reliable accounting management solutions as well as enhance the abilities of the company by managing tax properly, billing, invoice delivery, reporting and other financial and accounting services. Development of a system flowchart of sales procedures Control issues in the system As Myob is specialised in cloud accounting services, so it is always necessary to manage proper security for the financial and accounting systems, ensure that the strategic information system functions properly, and bring out positive outcomes with ease and effectiveness. One of the major control issues in the system of Myob include lack of data security, and nearly 50 percent of the survey respondents of Software Advice have considered it as a major problem (Myob.com 2017). This could create complexities and issues and make the online content vulnerable to hackers, fraud activities and other threats such as loss of important data and information (Laudon and Laudon 2016). The system has been unable to become novice-friendly, because of which many employees faced issues in managing the manual accounting processes properly. To overcome these kinds of issues, it is important for Myob to invest heavily on the designing of security architecture and industry practices for securing the user access controls and manage processes of approval effectively. The company must also provide training and development programs to the staffs for making them habituated with the new manual accounting processes and ensure that the limitations of old solutions are reduced (Lin and Wang 2012). Myob has even provided free webinars to the essential users of Myob for making them skilful and knowledge in handling accounting processes with ease and effectiveness. Development and adoption of the accounting software packages One of the major effective software package adopted by the organisation includes MYOB Exo, which offers extensive financial and business management solutions. The software package has been adopted because of its flexible design that helps in developing solutions as well as satisfies the needs of business ranging from financial management, customer relationship management, management of business operations and processes, management of supply chain and distribution (Myob.com 2017). It also facilitates the efficiency of other business management solutions such as costing of job, management of stocks, payroll and human resource management activities, business intelligence, etc. Another reason for adopting the software package is its ability to create a big picture that allows for further decision making in business. The software package is also intuitive, innovative and can be customised that further allows for gaining a unified solution to monitor the performance and manage the business in a well-organised manner (Pearlson, Saunders and Galletta 2016). The accounting software package has been developed within a SQL database that is flexible and includes various management solutions to deliver a solution and create convenience for the business administrator. The accounting software packages that are custom-made can help in delivering real time business process integration as well as enhance the ways of managing the financial assets with ease and effectiveness. The accounting software package can help Myob to handle various accounting areas including payable accounts, receivable accounts, billing, expense, management of payroll, reports, timesheets and general ledger too (Peppard and Ward 2016). The accounts payable indicate the area where the company provides its bills while the accounts receivable can help in determining the area the company provides finance that has been owed. These are all the modules that have been present in the accounting software package. It boasts of a specialised solution that considers all the business fea tures while strong protection algorithms are used for reducing chances of any theft or misuse of information. The software package has a clear and simple interface that can help to focus on individual work and reduce the costs of training and development too (Spraakman et al. 2015). The current size of market In the present days, the organisation has invested huge amounts of money to utilise the cloud computing for the management of business accounting. The accounting software package has helped in creating a sustainable place in the Australian Securities Exchange, and investors have managed to purchase much over the offer price that was placed earlier. The market debut has experienced a huge rise in the shares of MYOB, Australia. The value of the initiative was $3.65 a share price that further raised more than $800 million (Willcocks 2013). The stocks of Myob kept increasing as high as $3.90 as it opened its trade. According to the initial price of shares, the market size is huge for Myob and the business worth more than $2.5 billion (Myob.com 2017). Leaders in market and what allowed them to gain competitive advantage There are other leaders within the financial accounting business industry such as Medibank, Archer Capital and Bain capital. It is one of the major investment firms in Australia and includes a total number of assets of $75 billion that has created a long lasting positive effect on the investors, teams, business as well as the communities. The company has managed to create value by developing effective teams through the management of private equity, public equity, investments of a capital venture, fixed income and credit, etc. across various business sectors and industries (Wu et al. 2013). The company has maintained a lower cost of production and a better mix of customers that has helped in creating a huge market share of the industry's economic profit. The scale of business often brings competitive benefits and Myob has successfully managed to focus on the scales of building to spread the costs over a wide base and influence the market conditions, thereby gaining competitive benefit s from most of the experiences with ease and effectiveness. Myob Finance has acquired the accounting solutions provider named BankLink at the cost of more than $136m (Myob.com 2017). This effective deal helped the organisation to develop a strategic move to expand its business offerings and furthermore deliver enhanced accounting services to people with ease and efficiency (Yigitbasioglu, Mackenzie and Low 2013). Due to the acquisition, the financial position of the company has been strengthened which has generated good revenue, stable EBITDA margins and management of the good flow of cash. The synergy between quality services of MYOB and the secure, appropriate and reliable bank feeds has influenced the companys efficiency to deliver superior cloud offerings (Abdelhak, Grostick and Hanken 2014). Major gaps or challenges faced by customers of accounting software There are major challenges faced by customers of accounting software such as lack of security though there is the presence of a firewall. The reporting services are weaker which prevent many cases where data is needed to be imported or retrieved. The lack of data appropriateness, efficiency and reliability often are experienced due to the outdated software packages that can even slow down the system and create errors. The accounting software packages offer fewer features at a high price, which is a major issue faced by the customers. The absence of bank reconciliation feature prevents bank and credit card accounts reconciliation and may even reduce the capabilities of business to identify errors including duplication of data, wrong assumptions made, etc (Abhayawansa and Guthrie 2014). The Customer Relationship Management is also weak, and the accounting software package may not be compatible with different systems as well. There is no 24/7 technical support, which also results in fac ing challenges to fix the accounting software issues and the services are not even provided timely. Therefore, these are the issues that may be experienced by customers of accounting software (Boonstra 2013). To overcome these challenges, it is recommended to manage passwords to protect the computer system and the files of the company. A firewall needs to be installed for preventing internet intruders while Windows User Account Control must be enabled for protecting the computer system from viruses and malwares and furthermore reduce the risks of installing unauthorised software packages within the company's computer systems (Bradshaw, Pulakanam and Cragg 2015). Conclusion The research topic focused on the management of a strategic information system considering the business organization MYOB in Australia. A literature review has been presented for demonstrating the use of accounting software packages and how it has benefited the company by gaining more profit and competitive advantage in business. The company followed the present structure of the organisation, i.e., the functional organisational structure while ERP was considered as one of the most effective system acquisition methods. The issues faced while managing business operations, system flowchart of sales and control issues had been included in this topic. The ways of developing and necessity of adopting a good accounting based on the size of the market for Myob was illustrated her as well. The current leaders in the market and ways of gaining competitive advantage as well as the issues experienced by users of accounting software packages had been included here too. References Abdelhak, M., Grostick, S. and Hanken, M.A., 2014.Health Information-E-Book: Management of a Strategic Resource. Elsevier Health Sciences. Abhayawansa, S. and Guthrie, J., 2014. Importance of intellectual capital information: a study of Australian analyst reports.Australian Accounting Review,24(1), pp.66-83. Arvidsson, V., Holmstrm, J. and Lyytinen, K., 2014. Information systems use as strategy practice: A multi-dimensional view of strategic information system implementation and use.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,23(1), pp.45-61. Boonstra, A., 2013. How do top managers support strategic information system projects and why do they sometimes withhold this support?.International Journal of Project Management,31(4), pp.498-512. Bradshaw, A., Pulakanam, V. and Cragg, P., 2015. Knowledge Sharing in IT Consultant and SME Interactions.Australasian Journal of Information Systems,19. Cragg, P., Mills, A. and Suraweera, T., 2013. The Influence of IT management sophistication and IT support on IT success in small and medium?sized enterprises.Journal of Small Business Management,51(4), pp.617-636. Haux, R., Winter, A., Ammenwerth, E. and Brigl, B., 2013.Strategic information management in hospitals: an introduction to hospital information systems. Springer Science Business Media. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016.Management information system. Pearson Education India. Lin, W.S. and Wang, C.H., 2012. Antecedences to continued intentions of adopting e-learning system in blended learning instruction: A contingency framework based on models of information system success and task-technology fit.Computers Education,58(1), pp.88-99. Myob.com. (2017). Accounting Software Online Business Solutions | MYOB Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.myob.com [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Pearlson, K.E., Saunders, C.S. and Galletta, D.F., 2016.Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley Sons. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Spraakman, G., O'Grady, W., Askarany, D. and Akroyd, C., 2015. Employers Perceptions of information technology competency requirements for management accounting graduates.Accounting Education,24(5), pp.403-422. Willcocks, L., 2013.Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer. Wu, Y., Cegielski, C.G., Hazen, B.T. and Hall, D.J., 2013. Cloud computing in support of supply chain information system infrastructure: understanding when to go to the cloud.Journal of Supply Chain Management,49(3), pp.25-41. Yigitbasioglu, O., Mackenzie, K. and Low, R., 2013. Cloud Computing: How does it differ from IT outsourcing and what are the implications for practice and research?.The International Journal of Digital Accounting Research,13, pp.99-121.

Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice Essay Example

Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice Essay PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES in the APPLICATION of CRIMINAL JUSTICE Mark P. Robertson Deviant Behavior Instructor Tomasina Cook EMPIRE STATE COLLEGE July 30, 2012 There are several Psychosocial Theories pertaining to human behavior. The relation of some of these theories can be directly applied to the Criminal Justice field. Theories focus on why some behavior develops, when and where the development begins, who is affected by it and may be particularly more susceptible, what signs or behaviors to look for, and what may be done to prevent it. Psychologist Terrie Moffitt proposed her Developmental Theory identifying two developmental ‘paths’ or ‘patterns’ in which an individual may exhibit. Moffitt claims that criminal behavior can mainly be classified into one of these categories. Moffitt states that the ‘Life-Course-Persistent (LCP) offender’ continues their antisocial ways and behavior across or throughout all kinds of conditions and situations, and throughout the life course (or life span). This is a developmental path in which the offender shows various psychological and antisocial difficulty, and defiance on a consistent basis at an early age, on through youth and adolescence, and further into adulthood and beyond. It appears as though once LCP’s become involved in a deviant and offensive lifestyle they continue and increase their offending as they grow older. Young children as LCP’s often show evidence of this developmental ‘path’ in ways such as wild temper tantrums and mood swings, to biting and hitting. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As adolescents, LCP’s show signs such as truancy, shoplifting and substance abuse. This may seem like rather common or somewhat ‘normal’ behavior for many younger individuals, and in many cases it is. However, when the young person or adolescent does not ‘grow-out’ of this phase or behavioral ‘pattern’, it can progress into adulthood. The adult LCP may often develop such behavior as robbery, rape, child abuse, even murder. Adult LCP’s show high levels of antisocial behavior, and are almost exclusively male in gender. The offending might even escalate, with the offenses and behavior becoming more violent in nature, more erratic, and unpredictable. As stated earlier, some criminal behavior may be seen or viewed as relatively ‘normal’ behavior for younger individuals, especially males. In fact, most young individuals do ‘grow-up and out’ of this, and choose (whether voluntarily or involuntarily) another developmental pathway. They may offend or display some type of criminal or ‘bad’ behavior as children, adolescents, or young adults, but usually stop in their late-teens to early twenties. Terrie Moffitt states that these ‘youths’ are ‘Adolescent-Limited (AL) offenders’, and these individuals usually do not have or display the early developmental, persistent antisocial, or problem behavioral histories as their LCP counterparts. However the case may be, there is an occasional commonality between LCP and AL youth. Often times, the frequency and severity of offending among LCP and AL youth, is ‘mirrored’. The patterns of offending between them can be almost identical, but with the onset of young adulthood looming near, these patterns then abruptly change. For many reasons, the AL youth realizes that continued offending will not lead to any sort of positive outcome, and he or she then stops. Ultimately, when applied in a criminal justice setting, Moffitt’s developmental theory of the LCP person and the AL person shows that the AL ‘criminals’ or ‘delinquents’ have the ability, or at the very least, are more likely to regain control of their lives. They desist in their malevolent and/or devious behavior when they begin to mature and evolve into a more social, conventional, realistic, and ‘acceptable’ person. The LCP ‘criminal’ or ‘delinquent’ maintains their malevolent behavior, possibly and usually escalating into a more antisocial, unpredictable and dangerous person. LCP’s generally have long histories wrought with aggressive and violent crimes, with genuine ‘disregard’ for legality, posing as a ‘threat’ to everyone. Psychologist Erik Erikson proposed another theory of Psychosocial Development, which focuses on ‘Stages’. He states that each stage plays a major role in the development of personality and psychological ‘skills’. Erikson says there are a series of eight stages, coinciding with infancy to late adulthood, in which a person experiences different ‘challenges’. Each stage requires the successful completion of the prior stage to move onto the next, otherwise incomplete stages may reappear in the future and pose potential problems. However, absolute perfection or mastery of a stage is not necessary. Erikson’s developmental stages are as follows: 1. Hopes: Trust vs. Mistrust (Oral-Sensory, Birth – 2 yrs) 2. Will: Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt (Muscular-Anal, 2 -4 yrs) 3. Purpose: Initiative vs. Guilt (Locomotor-Genital, Preschool, 4 -5 yrs) 4. Competence: Industry vs. Inferiority (Latency, 5 – 12 yrs) 5. Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 13 – 19 yrs) 6. Love: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood, 20 – 24, or 20 – 40 yrs) 7. Care: Generativist vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 25 – 64, or 40 – 64 yrs) 8. Wisdom: Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood, 65 – death) In regards to Erik Erikson’s developmental theory of the ‘Stages’, there is particular importance in relation to the criminal justice field. Stage 5, (Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion) plays a key role in psychosocial ability and behavior. ‘Identity’ is unique to every individual. There may be a distinct correlation between identity and why some people stray from the ‘norms’ of society and venture off into a life of deviant or criminal activity. This is especially true when it involves young people. Young people/persons are quite easily influenced, and impressionable. It is a very critical and important time in one’s life, trapped somewhere between childhood and adulthood. It is a period of extreme change, extreme choices, and big decisions. Lack of one’s own identity, confusion, and the need and desire to belong, or to ‘fit in’ somewhere, can and often does provoke irrational thought. The inability or difficulty to become accepted by one’s peers gives way to potentially ‘bad’ choices. This can be especially difficult for certain cultural, ethnic, and societal groups. For example, inner-city youth (regardless of race) who grow up in areas with higher crime rates and/or criminal activity, or lower-income families (many with only one parental figure) are by default, at higher risk of ‘exposure’ to criminal activity. They in essence, have little or almost no chance of meeting or interacting with (or being influenced by) someone from the suburbs, or the country (rural areas), where criminal activity is lower. These inner-city youths are more frequently exposed to crime (it is sometimes all they see and know), and without ‘positive’ influence, they are more susceptible to adopt an ‘identity’ relative and according to what they experience on a regular basis. They believe that is the ‘norm’ and in turn, they tend to lean towards what they believe. Rather than having no identity at all, and having the desire to ‘fit in’ somewhere, they naturally fall into place. Unfortunately, the choice(s) for these youths are often very limited, and this is a major problem. This may be a reason why Hans J. Eysenck developed his psychosocial development theory of Personality and Crime. Hans J. Eysenck’s theory is regarded as one of the most influential psychological perspectives on crime today. (Cale, 2006) Eysenck states that criminal behavior is the result of an interaction between certain environmental conditions and certain features of the nervous system. In other words, certain types of personalities, combined with certain types of surroundings, lead to certain types of criminal activity. This equates to a perfect combination of attributes which are a recipe for juvenile, delinquent, and/or criminal behavior. This theory is unlike most contemporary theories of crime, because Eysenck heavily emphasizes that genetic predispositions are largely responsible for antisocial and criminal conduct. Theoretically, some people are just ‘born different’ from the majority of the population, and their genetics result in their inability to adapt and conform to society’s rules, regulations, and expectancies. Therein lays the problem. To assist Eysenck in measuring different variables of, and predisposure to commit crimes and offenses, he developed several ‘questionnaires’. The best known questionnaire would be the British Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI). Additional editions would be the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R). These questionnaires can be very helpful in providing researchers with valuable insight on how personality traits may coincide with criminality however it is not yet ‘conclusive’ research. Although Eysenck’s theory of Personality and Crime cannot be definitively proven, it is still worth looking at. Criminal justice practitioners would be wise to examine and contemplate its useful and unique suggestions. While there are still several theories on psychosocial development to be discussed, Gerald Patterson’s ‘Coercion Developmental Theory’ is in alignment with Terrie Moffitt’s theory. Patterson states and believes that ‘early starters are at greater risk for more serious criminal offending’. (Bartol and Bartol, p. 65) Patterson theorizes that while early starters are at greater risk, he focuses on how the parents and their roles with their children are more important, and much more instrumental. Essentially when young children experience different types of ‘traumatic’ events (e. g. ivorce, family violence, inconsistent parental discipline), they are prone to or are at greater likelihood to begin using or displaying ‘coercive behavior’. Coercive behavior can become the child’s way of avoiding or escaping his or her immediate (parental, social) environment. This ‘coercive’ behavior could be as minor or u nassuming as lying, temper tantrums, or whining. Eventually this coercive behavior becomes the child’s ‘go to’ strategy to obtain the desired result(s) he or she wants. If left unchecked, or uncorrected by parents, the problem behavior can be prolonged, well into adolescence and on to adulthood. Therefore, parents need to gain and maintain control, in a non-threatening, non-demanding, appropriate way, as early as the coercive behavior is recognized. Summarizing that society has no shortage of people with some type of developmental disability that inhibits or prohibits their behavior, it can usually be traced back or down to its source. In conclusion, the theories discussed here can assist in narrowing down the ‘root’ causes of or perhaps the reasons why some individuals seem to veer astray from societal normality. Whether the causes or reasons are psychological, developmental, or environmental in nature, criminal justice practitioners can utilize these theories to evaluate, and possibly explain the behavior of those in question. REFERENCES, NOTES, and CITATIONS 1. Criminal Behavior: A Psychosocial Approach, 8th Edition, By: Bartol and Bartol 2. Generalist Case Management: A Method of Human Service Delivery, 3rd Edition, By: Woodside and McClam 3. Online Research on Juvenile Delinquency and Criminal Behavior http://www. fbi. gov. juveniledelinquency. icr Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice Essay Example Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice Paper PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES in the APPLICATION of CRIMINAL JUSTICE Mark P. Robertson Deviant Behavior Instructor Tomasina Cook EMPIRE STATE COLLEGE July 30, 2012 There are several Psychosocial Theories pertaining to human behavior. The relation of some of these theories can be directly applied to the Criminal Justice field. Theories focus on why some behavior develops, when and where the development begins, who is affected by it and may be particularly more susceptible, what signs or behaviors to look for, and what may be done to prevent it. Psychologist Terrie Moffitt proposed her Developmental Theory identifying two developmental ‘paths’ or ‘patterns’ in which an individual may exhibit. Moffitt claims that criminal behavior can mainly be classified into one of these categories. Moffitt states that the ‘Life-Course-Persistent (LCP) offender’ continues their antisocial ways and behavior across or throughout all kinds of conditions and situations, and throughout the life course (or life span). This is a developmental path in which the offender shows various psychological and antisocial difficulty, and defiance on a consistent basis at an early age, on through youth and adolescence, and further into adulthood and beyond. It appears as though once LCP’s become involved in a deviant and offensive lifestyle they continue and increase their offending as they grow older. Young children as LCP’s often show evidence of this developmental ‘path’ in ways such as wild temper tantrums and mood swings, to biting and hitting. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As adolescents, LCP’s show signs such as truancy, shoplifting and substance abuse. This may seem like rather common or somewhat ‘normal’ behavior for many younger individuals, and in many cases it is. However, when the young person or adolescent does not ‘grow-out’ of this phase or behavioral ‘pattern’, it can progress into adulthood. The adult LCP may often develop such behavior as robbery, rape, child abuse, even murder. Adult LCP’s show high levels of antisocial behavior, and are almost exclusively male in gender. The offending might even escalate, with the offenses and behavior becoming more violent in nature, more erratic, and unpredictable. As stated earlier, some criminal behavior may be seen or viewed as relatively ‘normal’ behavior for younger individuals, especially males. In fact, most young individuals do ‘grow-up and out’ of this, and choose (whether voluntarily or involuntarily) another developmental pathway. They may offend or display some type of criminal or ‘bad’ behavior as children, adolescents, or young adults, but usually stop in their late-teens to early twenties. Terrie Moffitt states that these ‘youths’ are ‘Adolescent-Limited (AL) offenders’, and these individuals usually do not have or display the early developmental, persistent antisocial, or problem behavioral histories as their LCP counterparts. However the case may be, there is an occasional commonality between LCP and AL youth. Often times, the frequency and severity of offending among LCP and AL youth, is ‘mirrored’. The patterns of offending between them can be almost identical, but with the onset of young adulthood looming near, these patterns then abruptly change. For many reasons, the AL youth realizes that continued offending will not lead to any sort of positive outcome, and he or she then stops. Ultimately, when applied in a criminal justice setting, Moffitt’s developmental theory of the LCP person and the AL person shows that the AL ‘criminals’ or ‘delinquents’ have the ability, or at the very least, are more likely to regain control of their lives. They desist in their malevolent and/or devious behavior when they begin to mature and evolve into a more social, conventional, realistic, and ‘acceptable’ person. The LCP ‘criminal’ or ‘delinquent’ maintains their malevolent behavior, possibly and usually escalating into a more antisocial, unpredictable and dangerous person. LCP’s generally have long histories wrought with aggressive and violent crimes, with genuine ‘disregard’ for legality, posing as a ‘threat’ to everyone. Psychologist Erik Erikson proposed another theory of Psychosocial Development, which focuses on ‘Stages’. He states that each stage plays a major role in the development of personality and psychological ‘skills’. Erikson says there are a series of eight stages, coinciding with infancy to late adulthood, in which a person experiences different ‘challenges’. Each stage requires the successful completion of the prior stage to move onto the next, otherwise incomplete stages may reappear in the future and pose potential problems. However, absolute perfection or mastery of a stage is not necessary. Erikson’s developmental stages are as follows: 1. Hopes: Trust vs. Mistrust (Oral-Sensory, Birth – 2 yrs) 2. Will: Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt (Muscular-Anal, 2 -4 yrs) 3. Purpose: Initiative vs. Guilt (Locomotor-Genital, Preschool, 4 -5 yrs) 4. Competence: Industry vs. Inferiority (Latency, 5 – 12 yrs) 5. Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 13 – 19 yrs) 6. Love: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood, 20 – 24, or 20 – 40 yrs) 7. Care: Generativist vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 25 – 64, or 40 – 64 yrs) 8. Wisdom: Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood, 65 – death) In regards to Erik Erikson’s developmental theory of the ‘Stages’, there is particular importance in relation to the criminal justice field. Stage 5, (Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion) plays a key role in psychosocial ability and behavior. ‘Identity’ is unique to every individual. There may be a distinct correlation between identity and why some people stray from the ‘norms’ of society and venture off into a life of deviant or criminal activity. This is especially true when it involves young people. Young people/persons are quite easily influenced, and impressionable. It is a very critical and important time in one’s life, trapped somewhere between childhood and adulthood. It is a period of extreme change, extreme choices, and big decisions. Lack of one’s own identity, confusion, and the need and desire to belong, or to ‘fit in’ somewhere, can and often does provoke irrational thought. The inability or difficulty to become accepted by one’s peers gives way to potentially ‘bad’ choices. This can be especially difficult for certain cultural, ethnic, and societal groups. For example, inner-city youth (regardless of race) who grow up in areas with higher crime rates and/or criminal activity, or lower-income families (many with only one parental figure) are by default, at higher risk of ‘exposure’ to criminal activity. They in essence, have little or almost no chance of meeting or interacting with (or being influenced by) someone from the suburbs, or the country (rural areas), where criminal activity is lower. These inner-city youths are more frequently exposed to crime (it is sometimes all they see and know), and without ‘positive’ influence, they are more susceptible to adopt an ‘identity’ relative and according to what they experience on a regular basis. They believe that is the ‘norm’ and in turn, they tend to lean towards what they believe. Rather than having no identity at all, and having the desire to ‘fit in’ somewhere, they naturally fall into place. Unfortunately, the choice(s) for these youths are often very limited, and this is a major problem. This may be a reason why Hans J. Eysenck developed his psychosocial development theory of Personality and Crime. Hans J. Eysenck’s theory is regarded as one of the most influential psychological perspectives on crime today. (Cale, 2006) Eysenck states that criminal behavior is the result of an interaction between certain environmental conditions and certain features of the nervous system. In other words, certain types of personalities, combined with certain types of surroundings, lead to certain types of criminal activity. This equates to a perfect combination of attributes which are a recipe for juvenile, delinquent, and/or criminal behavior. This theory is unlike most contemporary theories of crime, because Eysenck heavily emphasizes that genetic predispositions are largely responsible for antisocial and criminal conduct. Theoretically, some people are just ‘born different’ from the majority of the population, and their genetics result in their inability to adapt and conform to society’s rules, regulations, and expectancies. Therein lays the problem. To assist Eysenck in measuring different variables of, and predisposure to commit crimes and offenses, he developed several ‘questionnaires’. The best known questionnaire would be the British Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI). Additional editions would be the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R). These questionnaires can be very helpful in providing researchers with valuable insight on how personality traits may coincide with criminality however it is not yet ‘conclusive’ research. Although Eysenck’s theory of Personality and Crime cannot be definitively proven, it is still worth looking at. Criminal justice practitioners would be wise to examine and contemplate its useful and unique suggestions. While there are still several theories on psychosocial development to be discussed, Gerald Patterson’s ‘Coercion Developmental Theory’ is in alignment with Terrie Moffitt’s theory. Patterson states and believes that ‘early starters are at greater risk for more serious criminal offending’. (Bartol and Bartol, p. 65) Patterson theorizes that while early starters are at greater risk, he focuses on how the parents and their roles with their children are more important, and much more instrumental. Essentially when young children experience different types of ‘traumatic’ events (e. g. ivorce, family violence, inconsistent parental discipline), they are prone to or are at greater likelihood to begin using or displaying ‘coercive behavior’. Coercive behavior can become the child’s way of avoiding or escaping his or her immediate (parental, social) environment. This ‘coercive’ behavior could be as minor or u nassuming as lying, temper tantrums, or whining. Eventually this coercive behavior becomes the child’s ‘go to’ strategy to obtain the desired result(s) he or she wants. If left unchecked, or uncorrected by parents, the problem behavior can be prolonged, well into adolescence and on to adulthood. Therefore, parents need to gain and maintain control, in a non-threatening, non-demanding, appropriate way, as early as the coercive behavior is recognized. Summarizing that society has no shortage of people with some type of developmental disability that inhibits or prohibits their behavior, it can usually be traced back or down to its source. In conclusion, the theories discussed here can assist in narrowing down the ‘root’ causes of or perhaps the reasons why some individuals seem to veer astray from societal normality. Whether the causes or reasons are psychological, developmental, or environmental in nature, criminal justice practitioners can utilize these theories to evaluate, and possibly explain the behavior of those in question. REFERENCES, NOTES, and CITATIONS 1. Criminal Behavior: A Psychosocial Approach, 8th Edition, By: Bartol and Bartol 2. Generalist Case Management: A Method of Human Service Delivery, 3rd Edition, By: Woodside and McClam 3. Online Research on Juvenile Delinquency and Criminal Behavior http://www. fbi. gov. juveniledelinquency. icr